我一直在使用一个濒死的2TB硬盘，它终于坏了
大家好，我是个菜鸟。
前不久我恢复了一个坏掉的3TB硬盘，但现在我的2TB硬盘也坏了。
这是我的笔记。
顺便说一下，虽然硬盘坏了有点难过，但里面并没有什么重要数据，它只是我众多电脑之间进行文件共享的硬盘，原始文件都保存在别处。所以，我并没有那么沮丧。
虽然难过是难过，但它本来就是我花500日元左右买的有坏扇区的硬盘，某种意义上就像是为了弄坏它而买的。
不等到它坏掉，我就不知道该怎么处理，所以我总是拿自己当实验品。
顺便说一下，它已经发出明显异常的噪音了，如果还能取出数据那简直是奇迹。
上次我成功恢复了数据，并再次在家用服务器上对其进行了严酷的测试。
俗话说，M体质的人有S体质的潜质，大概就是这个意思吧。
检查超级块
$ sudo mkfs.ext4 -n /dev/sdb
mke2fs 1.47.1 (20-May-2024)
Creating filesystem with 122094657 4k blocks and 30531584 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 81d0a0ba-490a-4ea0-bb08-ee84f122b21e
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
102400000
可以查看文件系统持有的元数据备份。
恢复超级块
如果想恢复：
sudo e2fsck -b 71663616 /dev/sdb1
将Superblock backups stored on blocks的值作为-b的参数。
smartctl
检查磁盘状态
sudo smartctl -a /dev/sdb
执行结果
$ sudo smartctl -a /dev/sdb
smartctl 7.4 2023-08-01 r5530 [x86_64-linux-6.11.1-artix1-1] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-23, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Seagate Barracuda Green (AF)
Device Model: ST2000DL003-9VT166
Serial Number: 5YD3ZLT5
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000c50 038d5b835
Firmware Version: CC32
User Capacity: 2,000,398,934,016 bytes [2.00 TB]
Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical
Rotation Rate: 5900 rpm
Device is: In smartctl database 7.3/5528
ATA Version is: ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 4
SATA Version is: SATA 3.0, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 1.5 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Thu Oct 17 00:58:11 2024 JST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Status not supported: Incomplete response, ATA output registers missing
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
Warning: This result is based on an Attribute check.
See vendor-specific Attribute list for marginal Attributes.
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x82) Offline data collection activity
was completed without error.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 612) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 334) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x30b7) SCT Status supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 098 079 006 Pre-fail Always - 50824899
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 096 092 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 554
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 047 047 036 Pre-fail Always - 35272
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 086 060 030 Pre-fail Always - 434289978
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 088 088 000 Old_age Always - 11048
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 554
183 Runtime_Bad_Block 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
184 End-to-End_Error 0x0032 098 098 099 Old_age Always FAILING_NOW 2
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 001 001 000 Old_age Always - 9017
188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 099 098 000 Old_age Always - 47245361169
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x003a 001 001 000 Old_age Always - 342
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 061 055 045 Old_age Always - 39 (Min/Max 39/39)
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 511
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 576
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 039 045 000 Old_age Always - 39 (0 22 0 0 0)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x001a 036 005 000 Old_age Always - 50824899
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 001 001 000 Old_age Always - 13032
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 001 001 000 Old_age Offline - 13032
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 11007 (95 12 0)
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 4111343507
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 2489096598
SMART Error Log Version: 1
ATA Error Count: 4459 (device log contains only the most recent five errors)
CR = Command Register [HEX]
FR = Features Register [HEX]
SC = Sector Count Register [HEX]
SN = Sector Number Register [HEX]
CL = Cylinder Low Register [HEX]
CH = Cylinder High Register [HEX]
DH = Device/Head Register [HEX]
DC = Device Command Register [HEX]
ER = Error register [HEX]
ST = Status register [HEX]
Powered_Up_Time is measured from power on, and printed as
DDd+hh:mm:SS.sss where DD=days, hh=hours, mm=minutes,
SS=sec, and sss=millisec. It "wraps" after 49.710 days.
Error 4459 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 11048 hours (460 days + 8 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 51 00 ff ff ff 0f Error: UNC at LBA = 0x0fffffff = 268435455
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
25 d5 b8 ff ff ff ef 00 00:01:07.241 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 b8 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:57.948 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 98 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:57.934 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 a0 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:57.919 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 a0 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:57.914 READ DMA EXT
Error 4458 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 11048 hours (460 days + 8 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 51 00 ff ff ff 0f Error: UNC at LBA = 0x0fffffff = 268435455
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
25 d5 b8 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:57.948 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 98 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:57.934 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 a0 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:57.919 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 a0 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:57.914 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 a0 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:57.899 READ DMA EXT
Error 4457 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 11048 hours (460 days + 8 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 51 00 ff ff ff 0f Error: UNC at LBA = 0x0fffffff = 268435455
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
25 d5 c0 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:30.313 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 08 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:30.312 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 50 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:30.296 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 58 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:30.294 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 58 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:30.292 READ DMA EXT
Error 4456 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 11048 hours (460 days + 8 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 51 00 ff ff ff 0f Error: UNC at LBA = 0x0fffffff = 268435455
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
25 d5 f0 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:25.557 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 f0 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:25.551 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 10 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:25.551 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 20 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:25.549 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 38 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:25.548 READ DMA EXT
Error 4455 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 11048 hours (460 days + 8 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 51 00 ff ff ff 0f Error: UNC at LBA = 0x0fffffff = 268435455
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
25 d5 08 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:56.960 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 10 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:56.958 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 f0 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:56.953 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 08 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:56.947 READ DMA EXT
25 d5 10 ff ff ff ef 00 00:00:56.945 READ DMA EXT
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Short offline Completed: read failure 70% 11048 436275968
# 2 Short offline Completed: read failure 70% 11048 436209928
# 3 Short offline Interrupted (host reset) 00% 11048 -
# 4 Short offline Completed: read failure 70% 11048 436209928
# 5 Short offline Completed: read failure 90% 11047 436209928
# 6 Short offline Completed: read failure 90% 11047 436209928
# 7 Short offline Completed: read failure 90% 11047 436209928
# 8 Short offline Interrupted (host reset) 00% 11047 -
# 9 Short offline Completed: read failure 90% 11047 436209928
#10 Short offline Interrupted (host reset) 00% 11046 -
#11 Short offline Completed: read failure 90% 11046 1438650248
#12 Short offline Interrupted (host reset) 00% 11045 -
#13 Short offline Completed: read failure 10% 10835 266787488
#14 Short offline Completed: read failure 10% 10667 266787488
#15 Short offline Completed: read failure 60% 10499 266787488
#16 Short offline Completed: read failure 10% 10331 266787488
#17 Short offline Completed: read failure 10% 10163 266787488
#18 Short offline Completed: read failure 10% 9995 266765001
#19 Short offline Completed: read failure 10% 9982 266765001
#20 Short offline Aborted by host 10% 9981 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
The above only provides legacy SMART information - try 'smartctl -x' for more
简易测试
实际上，我认为正确的检查方法是先用-a确认，然后进行测试，再执行一次。
sudo smartctl -t short /dev/sdb1
如果指定long，据说需要大约60分钟。
当badblocks命令都无效时，如何将坏扇区信息传递给fsck
如果只是检测坏块，有一个方便的badblocks命令。
这只是查看是否存在坏块，而不是修复。此外，fsck命令也有一个选项可以同时运行badblocks进行修复。
最终，如果是SATA连接可能还好，但如果USB-HDD存在连读取都做不到的坏块，连接就会像这样自动重置，无法继续。
[ 2606.101954] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] tag#0 CDB: Read(10) 28 00 1a 00 09 18 00 00 e8 00
[ 2606.101960] blk_print_req_error: 9 callbacks suppressed
[ 2606.101965] I/O error, dev sdb, sector 436209944 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x80700 phys_seg 3 prio class 0
[ 2636.680192] usb 3-2: reset high-speed USB device number 25 using xhci_hcd
[ 2640.153840] usb 3-2: USB disconnect, device number 25
如果像我这样磁盘本身损坏过于严重，尝试通过SATA连接启动PC时，BIOS可能无法找到磁盘，导致在BIOS启动前卡住。
SSD也会发生同样的情况。
从文件读取并传递坏扇区信息
最终，根据内核输出的信息，将其写入文本文件，使其可以read line。
dmesg
[ 3140.292122] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] tag#0 CDB: Read(10) 28 00 1a 00 09 48 00 00 b8 00
[ 3140.292130] I/O error, dev sdb, sector 436209992 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x80700 phys_seg 2 prio class 0
要作为badblock信息传递的文件
$ cat badblock
436209984
436275968
436209992
然后将其传递给fsck
sudo e2fsck -f -y -l ./badblock /dev/sdb1
虽然我写得轻松，但这无疑非常危险，最好不要尝试。
总结
还有一个恢复命令是ddrescue，如果能进行SATA连接且硬盘没有完全物理损坏，应该可以抢救数据。
像我这样明显异常的磁盘非常罕见，所以这可能不具有太多参考价值。适合那些想拿磁盘做实验的人。